Planets of the Solar System

The eight planets of the Solar System plus the dwarf planet Pluto, with mass, size, density, gravity, rotation, orbit, temperature and number of moons from NASA's Planetary Fact Sheet. One row per body.

9 rows26 columns Updated 6 h ago Public domain (U.S. Government work) / CC0 1.0 (Wikidata)

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Body

Class

Mass

Diameter

Density

Surface gravity

Escape velocity

Rotation period

Mercury

Planet

3.300e+23

4,879

5,429

3.7

4.3

1,407.6

Venus

Planet

4.870e+24

12,104

5,243

8.9

10.4

-5,832.5

Earth

Planet

5.970e+24

12,756

5,514

9.8

11.2

23.9

Mars

Planet

6.420e+23

6,792

3,934

3.7

24.6

Jupiter

Planet

1.898e+27

142,984

1,326

23.1

59.5

9.9

Saturn

Planet

5.680e+26

120,536

687

35.5

10.7

Uranus

Planet

8.680e+25

51,118

1,270

8.7

21.3

-17.2

Neptune

Planet

1.020e+26

49,528

1,638

23.5

16.1

Pluto

Dwarf planet

1.300e+22

2,376

1,850

0.7

1.3

-153.3

Columns

Stable keys — use them in the API, SQL and code

Key	Name	Type	Description
name	Body	string	—
wikidata	Wikidata	entity	—
body_class	Class	string	Planet or dwarf planet (IAU 2006 definition).
mass_kg	Mass	number · kg	Mass in kilograms.
diameter_km	Diameter	number · km	Equatorial diameter in kilometres.
density_kg_m3	Density	number · kg/m³	Mean density (mass divided by volume).
gravity_m_s2	Surface gravity	number · m/s²	Gravitational acceleration at the equator, including the effect of rotation.
escape_velocity_km_s	Escape velocity	number · km/s	Speed needed at the surface to escape the body's gravity, ignoring air drag.
rotation_period_hours	Rotation period	number · h	Time for one rotation relative to the stars (sidereal day); negative = retrograde.
day_length_hours	Length of day	number · h	Average time from one local noon to the next (solar day).
semi_major_axis_au	Distance from Sun	number · AU	Average distance from the Sun (semi-major axis) in astronomical units.
distance_from_sun_million_km	Distance from Sun (million km)	number · million km	Average distance from the Sun (semi-major axis) in millions of kilometres.
perihelion_million_km	Perihelion	number · million km	Closest distance to the Sun.
aphelion_million_km	Aphelion	number · million km	Farthest distance from the Sun.
orbital_period_days	Orbital period	number · days	Length of the body's year in Earth days.
orbital_velocity_km_s	Orbital speed	number · km/s	Average speed along the orbit.
orbital_inclination_deg	Orbital inclination	number · °	Tilt of the orbit relative to the ecliptic (Earth's orbital plane).
orbital_eccentricity	Eccentricity	number	How elongated the orbit is: 0 is a perfect circle.
obliquity_deg	Axial tilt	number · °	Tilt of the spin axis relative to the orbit (obliquity).
mean_temperature_c	Mean temperature	number · °C	Average temperature over the whole surface (1-bar level for giant planets).
surface_pressure_bar	Surface pressure	number · bar	Atmospheric pressure at the surface; empty where the surface is unknown (giant planets).
moons	Moons	integer	Number of IAU-confirmed moons.
has_rings	Rings	boolean	Whether the body has a ring system.
global_magnetic_field	Global magnetic field	boolean	Whether the body has a measurable large-scale magnetic field; empty if unknown.
discovery_date	Discovered	date	Date of discovery; empty for planets known since antiquity.
discovered_by	Discovered by	string	People credited with the discovery (from Wikidata).

About this data

Sources: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center — Planetary Fact Sheet (metric), NSSDCA Wikidata (discovery date and discoverers)
License: Public domain (U.S. Government work) / CC0 1.0 (Wikidata)
Required attribution: Planetary Fact Sheet, Dr. David R. Williams, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (NSSDCA). Discovery data from Wikidata.
Updated: Oct 9, 2026 02:55 UTC
Refresh: monthly
Rows: 9
Size (JSON): 7 KB
Notes: Values are exactly as given in NASA's Planetary Fact Sheet (rounded to 3–4 significant figures there); the semi-major axis in AU is converted from NASA's distance in millions of km. Diameter is equatorial. Gravity and escape velocity are at the equator, and for the giant planets at the 1-bar pressure level. Rotation period is sidereal (relative to the stars); negative means retrograde. Orbital period is the tropical period (equinox to equinox), except for Pluto where NASA gives the sidereal period. Mean temperature is a whole-planet average and for the giant planets is at the 1-bar level. Moon counts are IAU-confirmed moons at the fact sheet's last update. Pluto is included because NASA's table includes it; the other IAU dwarf planets (Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, Eris) are not in NASA's table and are omitted rather than mixed in from a less consistent source.

Use this data

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv("https://aidb.si/d/solar-system-planets.csv")
print(df.head())

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