name entity year designers developers paradigms typing influenced_by_count influenced_count website wikipedia_languages logo Plankalkül Q34280 1942 Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse procedural programming 0 1 25 assembly language Q165436 1949 non-structured programming 0 2 86 FLOW-MATIC Q1389173 1955 Grace Hopper imperative programming; procedural programming 0 3 13 Fortran Q83303 1957 John Backus IBM; John Backus generic programming; array programming; imperative programming; procedural programming; structured programming; object-oriented programming static typing; manifest typing; strong typing 1 14 https://fortran-lang.org 91 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fortran%20logo.svg?width=320 Lisp Q132874 1958 John McCarthy John McCarthy; Steve Russell multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming strong typing; dynamic typing 1 40 81 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lisp%20logo.svg?width=320 COBOL Q131140 1959 Grace Hopper International Organization for Standardization; American National Standards Institute object-oriented programming; imperative programming; procedural programming static typing; weak typing 3 6 81 ALGOL Q188436 1959 Heinz Rutishauser; Adriaan van Wijngaarden; Julien Green; Peter Naur; Hermann Bottenbruch; John Backus; Bernard Vauquois; John McCarthy; Joseph Henry Wegstein; Klaus Samelson; Friedrich L. Bauer; Charles Katz; Alan Perlis imperative programming; structured programming; procedural programming 1 14 58 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1965%20ALGOL%20Logotype.jpg?width=320 RPG Q840543 1959 IBM procedural programming strong typing; static typing 0 4 25 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20RPG%20logo.png?width=320 JOVIAL Q1277803 1960 System Development Corporation procedural programming; imperative programming; structured programming safe typing; static typing; structural typing; strong typing 1 1 15 Simula Q212569 1962 Ole-Johan Dahl Kristen Nygaard structured programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; procedural programming static typing; nominative typing 2 10 38 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Simula%20-%20logo.svg?width=320 SNOBOL Q522041 1962 David J. Farber Bell Labs imperative programming 2 3 http://www.snobol4.org 23 TECO Q1547448 1962 Daniel Murphy 0 0 17 CPL Q2347334 1963 Christopher Strachey multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming; procedural programming; structured programming; functional programming 1 3 20 PL/I Q223433 1964 IBM IBM structured programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming; procedural programming strong typing 3 6 https://www.ibm.com/products/pli-compiler-zos 38 BASIC Q42979 1964 John George Kemeny John George Kemeny; Mary Kenneth Keller; Thomas E. Kurtz procedural programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming; non-structured programming 4 23 95 ALGOL W Q1538458 1966 Niklaus Wirth; Tony Hoare structured programming; procedural programming; imperative programming strong typing; static typing 1 1 11 MUMPS Q1882071 1966 Neil Pappalardo imperative programming; procedural programming typeless 3 3 15 APL Q296187 1966 Kenneth E. Iverson Lawrence M. Breed; IBM; Kenneth E. Iverson modular programming; functional programming; array programming; structured programming dynamic typing 0 10 50 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/APL%20(programming%20language)%20logo.svg?width=320 Logo Q201436 1967 Cynthia Solomon; Wally Feurzeig; Seymour Papert Idit Harel Caperton; Cynthia Solomon; Seymour Papert reflective programming; procedural programming; functional programming dynamic typing 1 11 51 BCPL Q810009 1967 Martin Richards procedural programming; structured programming; imperative programming 1 4 35 CICS Q1146247 1968 IBM 0 0 https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z/cics 14 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20logo.svg?width=320 B Q797302 1969 Ken Thompson Bell Labs; Ken Thompson procedural programming 1 1 38 Forth Q275472 1970 Charles H. Moore Charles H. Moore stack-oriented programming; reflective programming; procedural programming; concatenative programming typeless 3 11 https://forth-standard.org/ 40 BLISS Q2877155 1970 William Wulf Carnegie Mellon University structured programming; imperative programming; procedural programming 1 0 http://pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/bb-m836d-bm/ 13 Pascal Q81571 1970 Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth imperative programming; structured programming strong typing; static typing; safe typing 4 27 100 Prolog Q163468 1972 Robert Kowalski; Philippe Roussel; Alain Colmerauer logic programming; declarative programming 1 11 69 Smalltalk Q235086 1972 Alan Kay; Adele Goldberg; Palo Alto Research Center Alan Kay; Adele Goldberg; Diana Merry; Dan Ingalls class-based programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; dynamic typing 4 33 52 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Smalltalk%20Balloon.svg?width=320 C Q15777 1972 Dennis M. Ritchie Bell Labs; International Organization for Standardization; American National Standards Institute; Dennis M. Ritchie; Ken Thompson procedural programming; structured programming; imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming weak typing; manifest typing; static typing; nominative typing 9 62 https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/ 165 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/C1stEdition.svg?width=320 INTERCAL Q1054365 1972 esoteric programming 0 0 http://www.catb.org/~esr/intercal/ 25 ML Q860654 1973 Robin Milner Robin Milner imperative programming; procedural programming; functional programming static typing; inference typing; strong typing 1 20 32 Mizar Q1609529 1973 Andrzej Trybulec declarative programming weak typing 1 0 http://mizar.uwb.edu.pl/ 11 PL/M Q2160963 1973 Gary Kildall procedural programming; structured programming 3 0 16 SQL Q47607 1974 Donald D. Chamberlin; Raymond F. Boyce Raymond F. Boyce; International Organization for Standardization; Donald D. Chamberlin declarative programming static typing; strong typing 2 4 https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html 111 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sql%20data%20base%20with%20logo.svg?width=320 Sed Q305876 1974 Lee E. McMahon Lee E. McMahon data-driven programming 1 1 38 Scheme Q187560 1975 Guy L. Steele Jr.; Gerald Jay Sussman functional programming; metaprogramming; procedural programming; imperative programming latent typing; strong typing; dynamic typing 3 16 https://www.scheme.org/ 54 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lambda%20lc.svg?width=320 Altair BASIC Q286196 1975 Paul Allen; Bill Gates 1 0 25 bc Q300897 1975 0 0 23 COMAL Q1023991 1975 procedural programming; structured programming strong typing 1 0 13 ABC Q1057802 1975 Lambert Meertens; Steven Pemberton Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica procedural programming; imperative programming; structured programming strong typing; polymorphism 1 1 https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/ 34 Microsoft BASIC Q1201810 1975 Microsoft 0 0 18 CLU Q775159 1975 Barbara Liskov Barbara Liskov; Massachusetts Institute of Technology procedural programming; object-oriented programming strong typing 3 5 http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html 22 Modula Q2428476 1975 Niklaus Wirth procedural programming; modular programming; imperative programming static typing; strong typing; safe typing 1 4 18 make Q300867 1976 Stuart Feldman Stuart Feldman macro 0 0 34 Mesa Q1042397 1976 Palo Alto Research Center procedural programming strong typing; static typing 1 2 11 S Q1283865 1976 Richard Becker; John Chambers array programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming dynamic typing; strong typing 1 1 http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/ 18 m4 Q292068 1977 Brian Kernighan 0 0 17 Commodore BASIC Q337272 1977 0 0 12 Icon Q1156474 1977 Ralph Griswold structured programming; multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; expression-oriented programming dynamic typing 2 3 http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon 20 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Panorama%20Icon%20logo%20Mondadori.png?width=320 Integer BASIC Q588806 1977 Steve Wozniak 1 0 13 Applesoft BASIC Q621556 1977 Microsoft 0 0 12 Interactive Data Language Q1665857 1977 array programming dynamic typing 0 1 https://www.harrisgeospatial.com/Software-Technology/IDL 15 AWK Q213970 1977 Alfred Aho; Brian Kernighan Alfred Aho; Peter J. Weinberger; Brian Kernighan procedural programming; data-driven programming 3 4 53 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The-AWK-Programming-Language.svg?width=320 UCSD Pascal Q176984 1978 University of California, San Diego 0 1 14 TeX Q5301 1978 Donald Knuth 0 1 https://www.tug.org/ 54 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TeX%20logo.svg?width=320 C shell Q1064516 1978 Bill Joy 1 1 24 VisiCalc Q725401 1978 Bob Frankston; Software Arts; Dan Bricklin 0 0 http://danbricklin.com/visicalc.htm 33 Modula-2 Q777358 1978 Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth imperative programming; concurrent computing; structured programming; modular programming safe typing; static typing; strong typing 3 9 28 Bourne shell Q844595 1979 Stephen R. Bourne 1 1 29 REXX Q685820 1979 Mike Cowlishaw IBM; Mike Cowlishaw structured programming; procedural programming dynamic typing 4 2 33 Atari BASIC Q753604 1979 Shepardson Microsystems 0 0 11 Ada Q154755 1980 Jean Ichbiah; S. Tucker Taft S. Tucker Taft; Jean Ichbiah object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming; structured programming; imperative programming static typing; nominative typing; strong typing; safe typing 10 15 https://adaic.org 79 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ada%20horizon%20green%20logo%20with%20slogan.svg?width=320 CHILL Q642207 1980 ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector procedural programming static typing; strong typing 1 1 11 IBM BASIC Q174841 1981 IBM 0 0 11 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20Cassette%20BASIC.png?width=320 Karel Q204693 1981 Richard E. Pattis procedural programming 3 3 https://xkarel.sourceforge.net/ 14 BBC BASIC Q429801 1981 Sophie Wilson 1 0 http://www.bbcbasic.org 11 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BBC%20micro%20assembly%20listing.jpg?width=320 Microsoft Macro Assembler Q1756018 1981 Microsoft 0 0 http://www.masm32.com 17 Maple Q139380 1982 Waterloo Maple procedural programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming 0 1 https://www.maplesoft.com/products/maple/ 37 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maple%202015%20logo.svg?width=320 PostScript Q218170 1982 John Warnock Adobe multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; stack-oriented programming; concatenative programming weak typing; dynamic typing 3 1 44 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Adobe%20PostScript%203%20logo.svg?width=320 SQL*Plus Q2575010 1982 0 0 12 MSX BASIC Q265039 1983 Microsoft imperative programming 0 0 http://www.microsoft.com 11 C++ Q2407 1983 Bjarne Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming; generic programming; functional programming; procedural programming nominative typing; partial inference typing; static typing 6 37 https://isocpp.org/ 149 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ISO%20C%2B%2B%20Logo.svg?width=320 occam Q838062 1983 David May Inmos procedural programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming 1 3 21 GW-BASIC Q1049202 1983 Microsoft 1 0 23 Turbo Pascal Q473201 1983 Anders Hejlsberg Borland; Anders Hejlsberg object-oriented programming 3 1 36 Standard ML Q597330 1983 Robin Milner modular programming; procedural programming; functional programming; imperative programming inference typing; strong typing; static typing 1 7 https://smlfamily.github.io/ 26 KornShell Q204222 1983 David Korn 0 1 http://kornshell.com 22 ABAP Q380523 1983 SAP structured programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming safe typing; nominative typing; strong typing; static typing 1 0 http://scn.sap.com/community/abap 38 MATLAB Q169478 1984 Cleve Moler MathWorks; Cleve Moler 0 3 https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html 81 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Matlab%20Logo.png?width=320 Objective-C Q188531 1984 Brad Cox object-oriented programming; reflective programming; multi-paradigm programming; class-based programming static typing; dynamic typing; weak typing 2 5 https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html 51 Common Lisp Q849146 1984 Richard P. Gabriel; Scott E. Fahlman; David Moon Common Lisp committee, J13 object-oriented programming; metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming; generic programming; procedural programming; multi-paradigm programming dynamic typing; strong typing 5 9 https://common-lisp.net 37 Visual FoxPro Q753868 1984 Microsoft procedural programming; object-oriented programming 0 0 http://msdn.microsoft.com/vfoxpro 28 Rocq prover Q1131652 1984 Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique purely functional programming 0 3 https://rocq-prover.org/ 15 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rocq%20logo.svg?width=320 CLIPS Q165372 1985 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center object-oriented programming 2 0 https://clipsrules.net/ 17 QuickBASIC Q1056057 1985 Microsoft 1 2 22 Stata Q1204300 1985 StataCorp 0 0 https://www.stata.com/ 21 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stata%202015%20logo.gif?width=320 Emacs Lisp Q1334586 1985 Guy L. Steele Jr.; Richard Stallman GNU Project metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming strong typing; dynamic typing 2 0 http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs 19 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EmacsIcon.svg?width=320 Miranda Q780803 1985 David Turner purely functional programming; declarative programming strong typing; static typing 2 3 https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/ 21 Clipper Q834358 1985 1 0 http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm 23 Paradox Q1779923 1985 Corel 1 0 http://www.corel.com/it/ 17 AMPL Q295250 1985 Bell Labs imperative programming; declarative programming 2 0 https://ampl.com 11 Caml Q1118153 1985 Gérard Huet Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique imperative programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming static typing; inference typing; strong typing 1 0 http://caml.inria.fr 17 Erlang Q334879 1986 Joe Armstrong Robert Virding; Ericsson; Joe Armstrong concurrent computing; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; declarative programming dynamic typing; strong typing 9 8 https://www.erlang.org/ 41 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Erlang%20logo.svg?width=320 Clarion Q1095608 1986 object-oriented programming; imperative programming; structured programming 0 0 http://www.softvelocity.com 11 Mathcad Q1133580 1986 Mathsoft 0 0 https://www.ptc.com/en/products/mathcad/ 25 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ptc%20mathcad%20logo%20standard%20color.png?width=320 Object Pascal Q633894 1986 Larry Tesler; Niklaus Wirth; Apple Inc.; Borland multi-paradigm programming; structured programming; generic programming; event-driven programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming static typing; dynamic typing; strong typing; safe typing 2 7 34 GAP Q677161 1986 0 1 https://www.gap-system.org/ 12 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Logo%20of%20the%20GAP%20computer%20algebra%20system.svg?width=320 Eiffel Q732089 1986 Bertrand Meyer Bertrand Meyer generic programming; multi-paradigm programming; object-oriented programming; concurrent computing; class-based programming static typing 4 7 40 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eiffel%20logo.svg?width=320 AutoLISP Q782397 1986 dynamic typing 0 0 19 Datalog Q1172264 1986 logic programming; declarative programming weak typing 0 2 14 Csound Q259347 1986 0 0 https://csound.com/ 16 Clean Q377986 1987 purely functional programming; functional programming strong typing; dynamic typing; uniqueness typing 0 2 http://clean.cs.ru.nl 15 Perl Q42478 1987 Larry Wall The Perl Foundation; Larry Wall multi-paradigm programming dynamic typing 7 15 https://perl.org 105 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Perl-logo.svg?width=320 Turbo Basic Q1306585 1987 Borland 1 1 14 Oberon Q1323362 1987 Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth imperative programming; object-oriented programming; structured programming; modular programming; procedural programming dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing 1 7 https://projectoberon.net 23 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oberon%20programming%20language%20logo.svg?width=320 Self Q1864529 1987 Randall Smith; David Ungar David Ungar; Randall Smith; Sun Microsystems; Stanford University prototype-based programming; object-oriented programming dynamic typing; strong typing 1 10 https://selflanguage.org/ 17 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Self-logo.svg?width=320 SCUMM Q836102 1987 Lucasfilm Games 0 0 23 HyperTalk Q58329 1987 Apple Inc. event-driven programming; procedural programming weak typing 2 5 11 Mathematica Q81294 1988 Wolfram Research functional programming; array programming 1 0 https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/ 46 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mathematica%20Logo.svg?width=320 GNU Octave Q223679 1988 John W. Eaton array programming 1 0 https://octave.org 53 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gnu-octave-logo.svg?width=320 A+ Q277710 1988 Arthur Whitney Morgan Stanley array programming dynamic typing; strong typing 0 0 http://www.aplusdev.org/ 23 Wolfram Language Q15241057 1988 Stephen Wolfram Stephen Wolfram; Wolfram Research declarative programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; array programming; multi-paradigm programming strong typing; dynamic typing 10 0 https://www.wolfram.com/language/ 18 Tcl Q5288 1988 John Ousterhout John Ousterhout imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming; event-driven programming; functional programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming dynamic typing 2 6 https://www.tcl-lang.org 47 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tcl.svg?width=320 PowerBASIC Q1648571 1989 2 0 http://www.powerbasic.com/ 14 LPC Q1798284 1989 Lars Pensjö Lars Pensjö object-oriented programming; procedural programming; prototype-based programming; functional programming strong typing; dynamic typing; static typing; weak typing 1 1 http://lpmuds.net 10 Modula-3 Q1928222 1989 Digital Equipment Corporation imperative programming; object-oriented programming 1 3 http://www.modula3.org 13 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/M3Logo.gif?width=320 AMOS Q295232 1990 François Lionet imperative programming; procedural programming static typing 1 0 https://amigaboing.net/amos30/ 17 Haskell Q34010 1990 Simon Peyton Jones; Lennart Augustsson; John Launchbury; Kevin Hammond; John Hughes; Alastair Reid; Erik Meijer; Warren Burton; Paul Hudak; Philip Wadler; Thomas Johnsson Lennart Augustsson; Paul Hudak; Erik Meijer; Simon Peyton Jones; Philip Wadler; John Hughes purely functional programming; functional programming; non-strict programming strong typing; static typing; inference typing 6 25 https://www.haskell.org 71 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haskell-Logo.svg?width=320 Turbo C++ Q1194352 1990 Borland 0 0 http://www.turboexplorer.com 17 J Q383994 1990 Kenneth E. 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Iverson multi-paradigm programming; array programming; tacit programming; object-oriented programming; function-level programming; functional programming dynamic typing 2 2 http://www.jsoftware.com 17 Classic Visual Basic Q2378 1991 Microsoft procedural programming; event-driven programming; object-oriented programming 0 7 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-basic-6/visual-basic-6.0-documentation 92 Oz Q1208217 1991 Gert Smolka functional programming; concurrent computing; constraint programming; imperative programming; prototype-based programming; multi-paradigm programming; object-oriented programming dynamic typing 3 2 http://www.mozart-oz.org/ 20 QBasic Q381247 1991 Microsoft procedural programming 1 2 34 FoxPro Q2507721 1991 procedural programming; object-oriented programming 0 0 14 Python Q28865 1991 Guido van Rossum Guido van Rossum; Python Software Foundation dynamic programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming gradual typing; dynamic typing; duck typing 14 32 https://www.python.org/ 164 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Python%20logo%20and%20wordmark.svg?width=320 PL/SQL Q41574 1992 procedural programming 1 1 http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/pl_sql/index.html 35 Dylan Q1268744 1992 Apple Inc.; Carnegie Mellon University object-oriented programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming strong typing; dynamic typing 3 3 https://opendylan.org/ 22 BETA Q830842 1992 Kristen Nygaard object-oriented programming static typing 0 0 http://daimi.au.dk/~beta 16 R Q206904 1993 Ross Ihaka; Robert Gentleman object-oriented programming; procedural programming; array programming; imperative programming; functional programming; reflective programming dynamic typing 4 0 https://www.r-project.org 77 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R%20logo.svg?width=320 Lua Q207316 1993 Roberto Ierusalimschy Roberto Ierusalimschy prototype-based programming; procedural programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming duck typing; dynamic typing; strong typing 8 9 https://www.lua.org/ 95 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lua-Logo.svg?width=320 Brainfuck Q244627 1993 Urban Müller imperative programming; esoteric programming 2 4 https://brainfuck.org/ 51 Euphoria Q1374139 1993 procedural programming; imperative programming dynamic typing; static typing 1 0 https://openeuphoria.org/index.wc 16 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OpenEuphoria%20logo.png?width=320 Amiga E Q471181 1993 Wouter van Oortmerssen object-oriented programming 1 0 11 Inform Q539268 1993 Graham Nelson Graham Nelson procedural programming; declarative programming; object-oriented programming inference typing 0 1 http://inform7.com/ 16 Visual Basic for Applications Q667566 1993 Microsoft multi-paradigm programming 1 0 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba 41 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Microsoft%20Visual%20Basic%20for%20Applications%20logo.svg?width=320 Befunge Q814269 1993 esoteric programming 3 1 http://catseye.tc/node/Befunge-93.html 21 GNU Guile Q1486208 1993 GNU Project 0 0 https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/ 16 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GNU-Guile-logo.svg?width=320 Piet Q1886145 1993 David Morgan-Mar esoteric programming 1 0 https://dangermouse.net/esoteric/piet.html 16 AppleScript Q129137 1993 Apple Inc. natural-language programming weak typing; dynamic typing 3 1 https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide 29 MetaPost Q1265836 1994 declarative programming; imperative programming duck typing; dynamic typing; strong typing 1 1 19 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MPlogo.svg?width=320 Pike Q1572341 1994 functional programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming static typing; manifest typing; dynamic typing 2 0 https://pike.lysator.liu.se/ 15 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pike%20Programming%20Language%20Logo.svg?width=320 Ruby Q161053 1995 Yukihiro Matsumoto Yukihiro Matsumoto reflective programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming duck typing; strong typing; dynamic typing 12 11 https://www.ruby-lang.org/ 101 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ruby%20logo.svg?width=320 Mercury Q206040 1995 University of Melbourne multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; logic programming; purely functional programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; parametric polymorphism; uniqueness typing; static typing 3 0 http://www.mercurylang.org 17 JavaScript Q2005 1995 Brendan Eich aspect-oriented programming; prototype-based programming; functional programming; generic programming; imperative programming; event-driven programming dynamic typing; duck typing; prototype-based programming 10 26 https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/ 163 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unofficial%20JavaScript%20logo%202.svg?width=320 Java Q251 1995 Sun Microsystems; James Gosling James Gosling; Oracle Corporation reflective programming; generic programming; concurrent object-oriented programming; component-based software engineering; structured programming; imperative programming; functional programming; class-based programming; object-oriented programming safe typing; manifest typing; static typing; nominative typing; strong typing 14 45 https://www.oracle.com/java/ 159 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Duke%20(Java%20mascot)%20waving.svg?width=320 root Q947171 1995 CERN 0 0 https://root.cern.ch/ 16 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ROOT%20Logo.png?width=320 Racket Q1254148 1995 Matthias Felleisen object-oriented programming; language-oriented programming; functional programming; modular programming; procedural programming; multi-paradigm programming; reflective programming; metaprogramming strong typing; dynamic typing 0 0 https://racket-lang.org/ 21 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Racket-logo.svg?width=320 Alice Q1335388 1995 Carnegie Mellon University 0 0 http://www.alice.org/ 10 Limbo Q544927 1995 Bell Labs concurrent computing; modular programming strong typing 1 2 http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html 19 Delphi Q4037189 1995 Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg object-oriented programming strong typing 2 1 https://www.embarcadero.com/cn/products/delphi 18 PHP Q59 1995 Rasmus Lerdorf Perforce Zend; 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Miller object-oriented programming strong typing; dynamic typing 2 0 http://erights.org/ 10 ActionScript Q234657 1998 Gary Grossman Macromedia functional programming; imperative programming; prototype-based programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; static typing 3 1 55 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Farm-Fresh%20page%20white%20actionscript.png?width=320 Curl Q1144631 1998 Steve Ward; Massachusetts Institute of Technology SCSK Corporation; Steve Ward declarative programming; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; reflective programming strong typing 4 0 https://www.curl.com/ 14 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Curl%20Logo.jpg?width=320 UnrealScript Q1191442 1998 generic programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; safe typing; static typing 0 0 https://docs.unrealengine.com/udk/Three/UnrealScriptHome.html 12 Malbolge Q517956 1998 esoteric programming 2 0 24 PureBasic Q2118858 1998 structured programming 1 0 https://www.purebasic.com/ 15 XML Q2115 1998 World Wide Web Consortium 0 2 http://www.w3.org/XML 101 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Extensible%20Markup%20Language%20(XML)%20logo.svg?width=320 PL/pgSQL Q2044345 1998 procedural programming 2 0 12 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Postgresql%20elephant.svg?width=320 XPath Q16340 1999 World Wide Web Consortium 0 1 https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/ 36 XSLT Q32110 1999 World Wide Web Consortium declarative programming 1 0 http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt 46 Gambas Q648124 1999 Benoît Minisini Benoît Minisini 2 0 https://gambaswiki.org/website 38 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gambas%203%20logo.svg?width=320 Unlambda Q670180 1999 David Madore functional programming; 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De Oliveira object-oriented programming strong typing; inference typing; static typing; duck typing 2 2 http://boo-lang.org/ 26 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BooLogo.png?width=320 Factor Q1391724 2003 Slava Pestov Slava Pestov concatenative programming; multi-paradigm programming; stack-oriented programming; functional programming dynamic typing; strong typing 4 0 https://factorcode.org 14 Apache Groovy Q504453 2003 James Strachan Java Community Process; Apache Software Foundation imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; dynamic typing; static typing; duck typing 5 3 https://groovy-lang.org 39 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Groovy-logo.svg?width=320 Business Process Execution Language Q787631 2003 0 0 19 FreeBASIC Q195929 2004 procedural programming; object-oriented programming strong typing; static typing 2 0 https://www.freebasic.net/ 30 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fblogo.gif?width=320 A# Q1049708 2004 GNAT 0 0 http://asharp.martincarlisle.com 13 Scala Q460584 2004 Martin Odersky Martin Odersky; École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne concurrent computing; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming inference typing; static typing; structural typing; strong typing 12 9 https://scala-lang.org 50 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Scala-full-color.svg?width=320 Asymptote Q779317 2004 imperative programming strong typing 1 0 https://asymptote.sourceforge.io/ 12 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AsymptoteLogo.svg?width=320 OpenGL Shading Language Q779819 2004 OpenGL Architecture Review Board 0 0 https://www.opengl.org/ 21 MXML Q1196084 2004 Adobe 0 0 11 Ren'Py Q1196014 2004 0 0 https://www.renpy.org/ 22 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ren%E2%80%99Py%20Eileen%20and%20python.svg?width=320 Haxe Q285886 2005 Nicolas Cannasse; Cauê Waneck; Simon Krajewski object-oriented programming; functional programming; generic programming; multi-paradigm programming static typing; inference typing; dynamic typing; nominative typing 6 0 https://haxe.org 22 F# Q648619 2005 Don Syme; Microsoft Research Microsoft; F Sharp Software Foundation reflective programming; imperative programming; metaprogramming; object-oriented programming; functional programming; concurrent computing strong typing; inference typing; static typing 7 4 https://fsharp.org/ 37 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F%20Sharp%20logo.svg?width=320 Rust Q575650 2006 Graydon Hoare Mozilla; Rust Foundation; Graydon Hoare functional programming; generic programming; object-oriented programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming; procedural programming static typing; nominative typing; linear typing; inference typing; strong typing 13 12 https://rust-lang.org/ 63 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rust%20programming%20language%20black%20logo.svg?width=320 Cobra Q608565 2006 functional programming; object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing; inference typing 1 0 http://cobra-language.com/ 12 Sass Q1572865 2006 Hampton Lintorn-Catlin dynamic typing 3 1 https://sass-lang.com/ 26 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sass%20Logo%20Color.svg?width=320 Vala Q1138939 2006 Jürg Billeter object-oriented programming; structured programming; imperative programming inference typing; structural typing; static typing; strong typing 6 0 https://vala.dev 28 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vala%20Logo%20New.svg?width=320 PowerShell Q840410 2006 Jeffrey Snover Microsoft functional programming; object-oriented programming; procedural programming; reflective programming; imperative programming dynamic typing; inference typing; safe typing; strong typing 13 0 https://microsoft.com/powershell 43 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ps%20black%20128.svg?width=320 Agda Q20479 2007 Chalmers University of Technology purely functional programming inference typing; nominative typing; manifest typing; static typing; dependent typing; strong typing 3 1 https://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda/pmwiki.php 12 Clojure Q51798 2007 Richard Hickey agent-oriented programming; logic programming; functional programming; concurrent computing strong typing; dynamic typing 3 2 https://clojure.org/ 41 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clojure%20logo.svg?width=320 Cython Q975594 2007 1 0 https://cython.org 21 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cython%20logo.svg?width=320 LOLCODE Q513238 2007 structured programming; imperative programming; procedural programming 1 0 http://www.lolcode.org 23 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LOLCode%20logo.png?width=320 XQuery Q850661 2007 World Wide Web Consortium modular programming; declarative programming; functional programming dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing 0 0 http://www.w3.org/XML/Query/ 33 OpenJDK Q1461054 2007 Oracle Corporation; OpenJDK Community; Sun Microsystems 0 0 https://openjdk.org/ 22 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OpenJDK%20logo.svg?width=320 Idris Q15408477 2007 total functional programming; purely functional programming; functional programming dependent typing; static typing; linear typing; uniqueness typing 5 0 https://www.idris-lang.org 12 Extensible Application Markup Language Q258778 2008 declarative programming 0 1 26 Pharo Q369096 2008 object-oriented programming; reflective programming dynamic typing 1 0 https://pharo.org/ 11 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pharo%20Logo%20v3.0.svg?width=320 Microsoft Small Basic Q767018 2008 Microsoft structured programming weak typing; dynamic typing 3 0 http://www.smallbasic.com/ 21 Arc Q2438046 2008 Paul Graham functional programming; metaprogramming; procedural programming dynamic typing 0 0 http://arclanguage.org 10 Nim Q20080327 2008 Andreas Rumpf concurrent computing; procedural programming; functional programming; macro metaprogramming; metaprogramming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming strong typing; inference typing; static typing; structural typing 8 0 https://nim-lang.org/ 19 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nim%20logo.svg?width=320 SPARQL Q54871 2008 Eric G. 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