# Programming languages

| Language | Wikidata | Year | Designed by | Developer | Paradigms | Typing discipline | Influenced by | Influenced | Website | Wikipedia editions | Logo |
| --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| Plankalkül | Q34280 | 1942 | Konrad Zuse | Konrad Zuse | procedural programming |  | 0 | 1 |  | 25 |  |
| assembly language | Q165436 | 1949 |  |  | non-structured programming |  | 0 | 2 |  | 86 |  |
| FLOW-MATIC | Q1389173 | 1955 | Grace Hopper |  | imperative programming; procedural programming |  | 0 | 3 |  | 13 |  |
| Fortran | Q83303 | 1957 | John Backus | IBM; John Backus | generic programming; array programming; imperative programming; procedural programming; structured programming; object-oriented programming | static typing; manifest typing; strong typing | 1 | 14 | https://fortran-lang.org | 91 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fortran%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Lisp | Q132874 | 1958 | John McCarthy | John McCarthy; Steve Russell | multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 1 | 40 |  | 81 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lisp%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| COBOL | Q131140 | 1959 | Grace Hopper | International Organization for Standardization; American National Standards Institute | object-oriented programming; imperative programming; procedural programming | static typing; weak typing | 3 | 6 |  | 81 |  |
| ALGOL | Q188436 | 1959 | Heinz Rutishauser; Adriaan van Wijngaarden; Julien Green; Peter Naur; Hermann Bottenbruch; John Backus; Bernard Vauquois; John McCarthy; Joseph Henry Wegstein; Klaus Samelson; Friedrich L. Bauer; Charles Katz; Alan Perlis |  | imperative programming; structured programming; procedural programming |  | 1 | 14 |  | 58 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1965%20ALGOL%20Logotype.jpg?width=320 |
| RPG | Q840543 | 1959 |  | IBM | procedural programming | strong typing; static typing | 0 | 4 |  | 25 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20RPG%20logo.png?width=320 |
| JOVIAL | Q1277803 | 1960 | System Development Corporation |  | procedural programming; imperative programming; structured programming | safe typing; static typing; structural typing; strong typing | 1 | 1 |  | 15 |  |
| Simula | Q212569 | 1962 | Ole-Johan Dahl | Kristen Nygaard | structured programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; procedural programming | static typing; nominative typing | 2 | 10 |  | 38 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Simula%20-%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| SNOBOL | Q522041 | 1962 | David J. Farber | Bell Labs | imperative programming |  | 2 | 3 | http://www.snobol4.org | 23 |  |
| TECO | Q1547448 | 1962 |  | Daniel Murphy |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 17 |  |
| CPL | Q2347334 | 1963 | Christopher Strachey |  | multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming; procedural programming; structured programming; functional programming |  | 1 | 3 |  | 20 |  |
| PL/I | Q223433 | 1964 | IBM | IBM | structured programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming; procedural programming | strong typing | 3 | 6 | https://www.ibm.com/products/pli-compiler-zos | 38 |  |
| BASIC | Q42979 | 1964 | John George Kemeny | John George Kemeny; Mary Kenneth Keller; Thomas E. Kurtz | procedural programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming; non-structured programming |  | 4 | 23 |  | 95 |  |
| ALGOL W | Q1538458 | 1966 |  | Niklaus Wirth; Tony Hoare | structured programming; procedural programming; imperative programming | strong typing; static typing | 1 | 1 |  | 11 |  |
| MUMPS | Q1882071 | 1966 | Neil Pappalardo |  | imperative programming; procedural programming | typeless | 3 | 3 |  | 15 |  |
| APL | Q296187 | 1966 | Kenneth E. Iverson | Lawrence M. Breed; IBM; Kenneth E. Iverson | modular programming; functional programming; array programming; structured programming | dynamic typing | 0 | 10 |  | 50 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/APL%20(programming%20language)%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Logo | Q201436 | 1967 | Cynthia Solomon; Wally Feurzeig; Seymour Papert | Idit Harel Caperton; Cynthia Solomon; Seymour Papert | reflective programming; procedural programming; functional programming | dynamic typing | 1 | 11 |  | 51 |  |
| BCPL | Q810009 | 1967 | Martin Richards |  | procedural programming; structured programming; imperative programming |  | 1 | 4 |  | 35 |  |
| CICS | Q1146247 | 1968 |  | IBM |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z/cics | 14 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| B | Q797302 | 1969 | Ken Thompson | Bell Labs; Ken Thompson | procedural programming |  | 1 | 1 |  | 38 |  |
| Forth | Q275472 | 1970 | Charles H. Moore | Charles H. Moore | stack-oriented programming; reflective programming; procedural programming; concatenative programming | typeless | 3 | 11 | https://forth-standard.org/ | 40 |  |
| BLISS | Q2877155 | 1970 | William Wulf | Carnegie Mellon University | structured programming; imperative programming; procedural programming |  | 1 | 0 | http://pdp-10.trailing-edge.com/bb-m836d-bm/ | 13 |  |
| Pascal | Q81571 | 1970 | Niklaus Wirth | Niklaus Wirth | imperative programming; structured programming | strong typing; static typing; safe typing | 4 | 27 |  | 100 |  |
| Prolog | Q163468 | 1972 | Robert Kowalski; Philippe Roussel; Alain Colmerauer |  | logic programming; declarative programming |  | 1 | 11 |  | 69 |  |
| Smalltalk | Q235086 | 1972 | Alan Kay; Adele Goldberg; Palo Alto Research Center | Alan Kay; Adele Goldberg; Diana Merry; Dan Ingalls | class-based programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 4 | 33 |  | 52 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Smalltalk%20Balloon.svg?width=320 |
| C | Q15777 | 1972 | Dennis M. Ritchie | Bell Labs; International Organization for Standardization; American National Standards Institute; Dennis M. Ritchie; Ken Thompson | procedural programming; structured programming; imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming | weak typing; manifest typing; static typing; nominative typing | 9 | 62 | https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/ | 165 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/C1stEdition.svg?width=320 |
| INTERCAL | Q1054365 | 1972 |  |  | esoteric programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.catb.org/~esr/intercal/ | 25 |  |
| ML | Q860654 | 1973 | Robin Milner | Robin Milner | imperative programming; procedural programming; functional programming | static typing; inference typing; strong typing | 1 | 20 |  | 32 |  |
| Mizar | Q1609529 | 1973 | Andrzej Trybulec |  | declarative programming | weak typing | 1 | 0 | http://mizar.uwb.edu.pl/ | 11 |  |
| PL/M | Q2160963 | 1973 |  | Gary Kildall | procedural programming; structured programming |  | 3 | 0 |  | 16 |  |
| SQL | Q47607 | 1974 | Donald D. Chamberlin; Raymond F. Boyce | Raymond F. Boyce; International Organization for Standardization; Donald D. Chamberlin | declarative programming | static typing; strong typing | 2 | 4 | https://www.iso.org/standard/76583.html | 111 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sql%20data%20base%20with%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Sed | Q305876 | 1974 | Lee E. McMahon | Lee E. McMahon | data-driven programming |  | 1 | 1 |  | 38 |  |
| Scheme | Q187560 | 1975 | Guy L. Steele Jr.; Gerald Jay Sussman |  | functional programming; metaprogramming; procedural programming; imperative programming | latent typing; strong typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 16 | https://www.scheme.org/ | 54 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lambda%20lc.svg?width=320 |
| Altair BASIC | Q286196 | 1975 |  | Paul Allen; Bill Gates |  |  | 1 | 0 |  | 25 |  |
| bc | Q300897 | 1975 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 23 |  |
| COMAL | Q1023991 | 1975 |  |  | procedural programming; structured programming | strong typing | 1 | 0 |  | 13 |  |
| ABC | Q1057802 | 1975 | Lambert Meertens; Steven Pemberton | Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | procedural programming; imperative programming; structured programming | strong typing; polymorphism | 1 | 1 | https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/ | 34 |  |
| Microsoft BASIC | Q1201810 | 1975 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 18 |  |
| CLU | Q775159 | 1975 | Barbara Liskov | Barbara Liskov; Massachusetts Institute of Technology | procedural programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing | 3 | 5 | http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html | 22 |  |
| Modula | Q2428476 | 1975 |  | Niklaus Wirth | procedural programming; modular programming; imperative programming | static typing; strong typing; safe typing | 1 | 4 |  | 18 |  |
| make | Q300867 | 1976 | Stuart Feldman | Stuart Feldman | macro |  | 0 | 0 |  | 34 |  |
| Mesa | Q1042397 | 1976 |  | Palo Alto Research Center | procedural programming | strong typing; static typing | 1 | 2 |  | 11 |  |
| S | Q1283865 | 1976 |  | Richard Becker; John Chambers | array programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 1 | 1 | http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/ | 18 |  |
| m4 | Q292068 | 1977 | Brian Kernighan |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 17 |  |
| Commodore BASIC | Q337272 | 1977 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 12 |  |
| Icon | Q1156474 | 1977 | Ralph Griswold |  | structured programming; multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; expression-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 2 | 3 | http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon | 20 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Panorama%20Icon%20logo%20Mondadori.png?width=320 |
| Integer BASIC | Q588806 | 1977 |  | Steve Wozniak |  |  | 1 | 0 |  | 13 |  |
| Applesoft BASIC | Q621556 | 1977 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 12 |  |
| Interactive Data Language | Q1665857 | 1977 |  |  | array programming | dynamic typing | 0 | 1 | https://www.harrisgeospatial.com/Software-Technology/IDL | 15 |  |
| AWK | Q213970 | 1977 | Alfred Aho; Brian Kernighan | Alfred Aho; Peter J. Weinberger; Brian Kernighan | procedural programming; data-driven programming |  | 3 | 4 |  | 53 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The-AWK-Programming-Language.svg?width=320 |
| UCSD Pascal | Q176984 | 1978 |  | University of California, San Diego |  |  | 0 | 1 |  | 14 |  |
| TeX | Q5301 | 1978 |  | Donald Knuth |  |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.tug.org/ | 54 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/TeX%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| C shell | Q1064516 | 1978 |  | Bill Joy |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 24 |  |
| VisiCalc | Q725401 | 1978 |  | Bob Frankston; Software Arts; Dan Bricklin |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://danbricklin.com/visicalc.htm | 33 |  |
| Modula-2 | Q777358 | 1978 | Niklaus Wirth | Niklaus Wirth | imperative programming; concurrent computing; structured programming; modular programming | safe typing; static typing; strong typing | 3 | 9 |  | 28 |  |
| Bourne shell | Q844595 | 1979 |  | Stephen R. Bourne |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 29 |  |
| REXX | Q685820 | 1979 | Mike Cowlishaw | IBM; Mike Cowlishaw | structured programming; procedural programming | dynamic typing | 4 | 2 |  | 33 |  |
| Atari BASIC | Q753604 | 1979 |  | Shepardson Microsystems |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 11 |  |
| Ada | Q154755 | 1980 | Jean Ichbiah; S. Tucker Taft | S. Tucker Taft; Jean Ichbiah | object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming; structured programming; imperative programming | static typing; nominative typing; strong typing; safe typing | 10 | 15 | https://adaic.org | 79 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ada%20horizon%20green%20logo%20with%20slogan.svg?width=320 |
| CHILL | Q642207 | 1980 | ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector |  | procedural programming | static typing; strong typing | 1 | 1 |  | 11 |  |
| IBM BASIC | Q174841 | 1981 |  | IBM |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 11 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IBM%20Cassette%20BASIC.png?width=320 |
| Karel | Q204693 | 1981 | Richard E. Pattis |  | procedural programming |  | 3 | 3 | https://xkarel.sourceforge.net/ | 14 |  |
| BBC BASIC | Q429801 | 1981 |  | Sophie Wilson |  |  | 1 | 0 | http://www.bbcbasic.org | 11 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BBC%20micro%20assembly%20listing.jpg?width=320 |
| Microsoft Macro Assembler | Q1756018 | 1981 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.masm32.com | 17 |  |
| Maple | Q139380 | 1982 |  | Waterloo Maple | procedural programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.maplesoft.com/products/maple/ | 37 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maple%202015%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| PostScript | Q218170 | 1982 | John Warnock | Adobe | multi-paradigm programming; procedural programming; stack-oriented programming; concatenative programming | weak typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 1 |  | 44 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Adobe%20PostScript%203%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| SQL*Plus | Q2575010 | 1982 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 12 |  |
| MSX BASIC | Q265039 | 1983 |  | Microsoft | imperative programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.microsoft.com | 11 |  |
| C++ | Q2407 | 1983 | Bjarne Stroustrup | Bjarne Stroustrup | object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming; generic programming; functional programming; procedural programming | nominative typing; partial inference typing; static typing | 6 | 37 | https://isocpp.org/ | 149 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ISO%20C%2B%2B%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| occam | Q838062 | 1983 | David May | Inmos | procedural programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming |  | 1 | 3 |  | 21 |  |
| GW-BASIC | Q1049202 | 1983 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 1 | 0 |  | 23 |  |
| Turbo Pascal | Q473201 | 1983 | Anders Hejlsberg | Borland; Anders Hejlsberg | object-oriented programming |  | 3 | 1 |  | 36 |  |
| Standard ML | Q597330 | 1983 |  | Robin Milner | modular programming; procedural programming; functional programming; imperative programming | inference typing; strong typing; static typing | 1 | 7 | https://smlfamily.github.io/ | 26 |  |
| KornShell | Q204222 | 1983 |  | David Korn |  |  | 0 | 1 | http://kornshell.com | 22 |  |
| ABAP | Q380523 | 1983 |  | SAP | structured programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming | safe typing; nominative typing; strong typing; static typing | 1 | 0 | http://scn.sap.com/community/abap | 38 |  |
| MATLAB | Q169478 | 1984 | Cleve Moler | MathWorks; Cleve Moler |  |  | 0 | 3 | https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html | 81 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Matlab%20Logo.png?width=320 |
| Objective-C | Q188531 | 1984 | Brad Cox |  | object-oriented programming; reflective programming; multi-paradigm programming; class-based programming | static typing; dynamic typing; weak typing | 2 | 5 | https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html | 51 |  |
| Common Lisp | Q849146 | 1984 | Richard P. Gabriel; Scott E. Fahlman; David Moon | Common Lisp committee, J13 | object-oriented programming; metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming; generic programming; procedural programming; multi-paradigm programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 5 | 9 | https://common-lisp.net | 37 |  |
| Visual FoxPro | Q753868 | 1984 |  | Microsoft | procedural programming; object-oriented programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://msdn.microsoft.com/vfoxpro | 28 |  |
| Rocq prover | Q1131652 | 1984 |  | Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique | purely functional programming |  | 0 | 3 | https://rocq-prover.org/ | 15 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rocq%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| CLIPS | Q165372 | 1985 |  | Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center | object-oriented programming |  | 2 | 0 | https://clipsrules.net/ | 17 |  |
| QuickBASIC | Q1056057 | 1985 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 1 | 2 |  | 22 |  |
| Stata | Q1204300 | 1985 |  | StataCorp |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.stata.com/ | 21 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stata%202015%20logo.gif?width=320 |
| Emacs Lisp | Q1334586 | 1985 | Guy L. Steele Jr.; Richard Stallman | GNU Project | metaprogramming; reflective programming; functional programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 2 | 0 | http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EmacsIcon.svg?width=320 |
| Miranda | Q780803 | 1985 | David Turner |  | purely functional programming; declarative programming | strong typing; static typing | 2 | 3 | https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/ | 21 |  |
| Clipper | Q834358 | 1985 |  |  |  |  | 1 | 0 | http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm | 23 |  |
| Paradox | Q1779923 | 1985 |  | Corel |  |  | 1 | 0 | http://www.corel.com/it/ | 17 |  |
| AMPL | Q295250 | 1985 |  | Bell Labs | imperative programming; declarative programming |  | 2 | 0 | https://ampl.com | 11 |  |
| Caml | Q1118153 | 1985 | Gérard Huet | Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique | imperative programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming | static typing; inference typing; strong typing | 1 | 0 | http://caml.inria.fr | 17 |  |
| Erlang | Q334879 | 1986 | Joe Armstrong | Robert Virding; Ericsson; Joe Armstrong | concurrent computing; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; declarative programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 9 | 8 | https://www.erlang.org/ | 41 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Erlang%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Clarion | Q1095608 | 1986 |  |  | object-oriented programming; imperative programming; structured programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.softvelocity.com | 11 |  |
| Mathcad | Q1133580 | 1986 |  | Mathsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.ptc.com/en/products/mathcad/ | 25 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ptc%20mathcad%20logo%20standard%20color.png?width=320 |
| Object Pascal | Q633894 | 1986 |  | Larry Tesler; Niklaus Wirth; Apple Inc.; Borland | multi-paradigm programming; structured programming; generic programming; event-driven programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming | static typing; dynamic typing; strong typing; safe typing | 2 | 7 |  | 34 |  |
| GAP | Q677161 | 1986 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.gap-system.org/ | 12 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Logo%20of%20the%20GAP%20computer%20algebra%20system.svg?width=320 |
| Eiffel | Q732089 | 1986 | Bertrand Meyer | Bertrand Meyer | generic programming; multi-paradigm programming; object-oriented programming; concurrent computing; class-based programming | static typing | 4 | 7 |  | 40 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eiffel%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| AutoLISP | Q782397 | 1986 |  |  |  | dynamic typing | 0 | 0 |  | 19 |  |
| Datalog | Q1172264 | 1986 |  |  | logic programming; declarative programming | weak typing | 0 | 2 |  | 14 |  |
| Csound | Q259347 | 1986 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://csound.com/ | 16 |  |
| Clean | Q377986 | 1987 |  |  | purely functional programming; functional programming | strong typing; dynamic typing; uniqueness typing | 0 | 2 | http://clean.cs.ru.nl | 15 |  |
| Perl | Q42478 | 1987 | Larry Wall | The Perl Foundation; Larry Wall | multi-paradigm programming | dynamic typing | 7 | 15 | https://perl.org | 105 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Perl-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Turbo Basic | Q1306585 | 1987 |  | Borland |  |  | 1 | 1 |  | 14 |  |
| Oberon | Q1323362 | 1987 | Niklaus Wirth | Niklaus Wirth | imperative programming; object-oriented programming; structured programming; modular programming; procedural programming | dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing | 1 | 7 | https://projectoberon.net | 23 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oberon%20programming%20language%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Self | Q1864529 | 1987 | Randall Smith; David Ungar | David Ungar; Randall Smith; Sun Microsystems; Stanford University | prototype-based programming; object-oriented programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 1 | 10 | https://selflanguage.org/ | 17 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Self-logo.svg?width=320 |
| SCUMM | Q836102 | 1987 |  | Lucasfilm Games |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 23 |  |
| HyperTalk | Q58329 | 1987 |  | Apple Inc. | event-driven programming; procedural programming | weak typing | 2 | 5 |  | 11 |  |
| Mathematica | Q81294 | 1988 |  | Wolfram Research | functional programming; array programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://www.wolfram.com/mathematica/ | 46 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mathematica%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| GNU Octave | Q223679 | 1988 |  | John W. Eaton | array programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://octave.org | 53 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gnu-octave-logo.svg?width=320 |
| A+ | Q277710 | 1988 | Arthur Whitney | Morgan Stanley | array programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 0 | 0 | http://www.aplusdev.org/ | 23 |  |
| Wolfram Language | Q15241057 | 1988 | Stephen Wolfram | Stephen Wolfram; Wolfram Research | declarative programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; array programming; multi-paradigm programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 10 | 0 | https://www.wolfram.com/language/ | 18 |  |
| Tcl | Q5288 | 1988 | John Ousterhout | John Ousterhout | imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming; event-driven programming; functional programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 2 | 6 | https://www.tcl-lang.org | 47 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tcl.svg?width=320 |
| PowerBASIC | Q1648571 | 1989 |  |  |  |  | 2 | 0 | http://www.powerbasic.com/ | 14 |  |
| LPC | Q1798284 | 1989 | Lars Pensjö | Lars Pensjö | object-oriented programming; procedural programming; prototype-based programming; functional programming | strong typing; dynamic typing; static typing; weak typing | 1 | 1 | http://lpmuds.net | 10 |  |
| Modula-3 | Q1928222 | 1989 |  | Digital Equipment Corporation | imperative programming; object-oriented programming |  | 1 | 3 | http://www.modula3.org | 13 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/M3Logo.gif?width=320 |
| AMOS | Q295232 | 1990 |  | François Lionet | imperative programming; procedural programming | static typing | 1 | 0 | https://amigaboing.net/amos30/ | 17 |  |
| Haskell | Q34010 | 1990 | Simon Peyton Jones; Lennart Augustsson; John Launchbury; Kevin Hammond; John Hughes; Alastair Reid; Erik Meijer; Warren Burton; Paul Hudak; Philip Wadler; Thomas Johnsson | Lennart Augustsson; Paul Hudak; Erik Meijer; Simon Peyton Jones; Philip Wadler; John Hughes | purely functional programming; functional programming; non-strict programming | strong typing; static typing; inference typing | 6 | 25 | https://www.haskell.org | 71 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haskell-Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Turbo C++ | Q1194352 | 1990 |  | Borland |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.turboexplorer.com | 17 |  |
| J | Q383994 | 1990 | Kenneth E. Iverson | Roger Hui; Kenneth E. Iverson | multi-paradigm programming; array programming; tacit programming; object-oriented programming; function-level programming; functional programming | dynamic typing | 2 | 2 | http://www.jsoftware.com | 17 |  |
| Classic Visual Basic | Q2378 | 1991 |  | Microsoft | procedural programming; event-driven programming; object-oriented programming |  | 0 | 7 | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-basic-6/visual-basic-6.0-documentation | 92 |  |
| Oz | Q1208217 | 1991 | Gert Smolka |  | functional programming; concurrent computing; constraint programming; imperative programming; prototype-based programming; multi-paradigm programming; object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 3 | 2 | http://www.mozart-oz.org/ | 20 |  |
| QBasic | Q381247 | 1991 |  | Microsoft | procedural programming |  | 1 | 2 |  | 34 |  |
| FoxPro | Q2507721 | 1991 |  |  | procedural programming; object-oriented programming |  | 0 | 0 |  | 14 |  |
| Python | Q28865 | 1991 | Guido van Rossum | Guido van Rossum; Python Software Foundation | dynamic programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming | gradual typing; dynamic typing; duck typing | 14 | 32 | https://www.python.org/ | 164 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Python%20logo%20and%20wordmark.svg?width=320 |
| PL/SQL | Q41574 | 1992 |  |  | procedural programming |  | 1 | 1 | http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/pl_sql/index.html | 35 |  |
| Dylan | Q1268744 | 1992 |  | Apple Inc.; Carnegie Mellon University | object-oriented programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 3 | https://opendylan.org/ | 22 |  |
| BETA | Q830842 | 1992 |  | Kristen Nygaard | object-oriented programming | static typing | 0 | 0 | http://daimi.au.dk/~beta | 16 |  |
| R | Q206904 | 1993 | Ross Ihaka; Robert Gentleman |  | object-oriented programming; procedural programming; array programming; imperative programming; functional programming; reflective programming | dynamic typing | 4 | 0 | https://www.r-project.org | 77 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/R%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Lua | Q207316 | 1993 | Roberto Ierusalimschy | Roberto Ierusalimschy | prototype-based programming; procedural programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming | duck typing; dynamic typing; strong typing | 8 | 9 | https://www.lua.org/ | 95 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lua-Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Brainfuck | Q244627 | 1993 |  | Urban Müller | imperative programming; esoteric programming |  | 2 | 4 | https://brainfuck.org/ | 51 |  |
| Euphoria | Q1374139 | 1993 |  |  | procedural programming; imperative programming | dynamic typing; static typing | 1 | 0 | https://openeuphoria.org/index.wc | 16 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OpenEuphoria%20logo.png?width=320 |
| Amiga E | Q471181 | 1993 |  | Wouter van Oortmerssen | object-oriented programming |  | 1 | 0 |  | 11 |  |
| Inform | Q539268 | 1993 | Graham Nelson | Graham Nelson | procedural programming; declarative programming; object-oriented programming | inference typing | 0 | 1 | http://inform7.com/ | 16 |  |
| Visual Basic for Applications | Q667566 | 1993 |  | Microsoft | multi-paradigm programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba | 41 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Microsoft%20Visual%20Basic%20for%20Applications%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Befunge | Q814269 | 1993 |  |  | esoteric programming |  | 3 | 1 | http://catseye.tc/node/Befunge-93.html | 21 |  |
| GNU Guile | Q1486208 | 1993 |  | GNU Project |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/ | 16 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GNU-Guile-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Piet | Q1886145 | 1993 |  | David Morgan-Mar | esoteric programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://dangermouse.net/esoteric/piet.html | 16 |  |
| AppleScript | Q129137 | 1993 |  | Apple Inc. | natural-language programming | weak typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 1 | https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide | 29 |  |
| MetaPost | Q1265836 | 1994 |  |  | declarative programming; imperative programming | duck typing; dynamic typing; strong typing | 1 | 1 |  | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MPlogo.svg?width=320 |
| Pike | Q1572341 | 1994 |  |  | functional programming; procedural programming; object-oriented programming | static typing; manifest typing; dynamic typing | 2 | 0 | https://pike.lysator.liu.se/ | 15 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pike%20Programming%20Language%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Ruby | Q161053 | 1995 | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Yukihiro Matsumoto | reflective programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming | duck typing; strong typing; dynamic typing | 12 | 11 | https://www.ruby-lang.org/ | 101 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ruby%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Mercury | Q206040 | 1995 |  | University of Melbourne | multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; logic programming; purely functional programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; parametric polymorphism; uniqueness typing; static typing | 3 | 0 | http://www.mercurylang.org | 17 |  |
| JavaScript | Q2005 | 1995 | Brendan Eich |  | aspect-oriented programming; prototype-based programming; functional programming; generic programming; imperative programming; event-driven programming | dynamic typing; duck typing; prototype-based programming | 10 | 26 | https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-262/ | 163 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unofficial%20JavaScript%20logo%202.svg?width=320 |
| Java | Q251 | 1995 | Sun Microsystems; James Gosling | James Gosling; Oracle Corporation | reflective programming; generic programming; concurrent object-oriented programming; component-based software engineering; structured programming; imperative programming; functional programming; class-based programming; object-oriented programming | safe typing; manifest typing; static typing; nominative typing; strong typing | 14 | 45 | https://www.oracle.com/java/ | 159 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Duke%20(Java%20mascot)%20waving.svg?width=320 |
| root | Q947171 | 1995 |  | CERN |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://root.cern.ch/ | 16 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ROOT%20Logo.png?width=320 |
| Racket | Q1254148 | 1995 |  | Matthias Felleisen | object-oriented programming; language-oriented programming; functional programming; modular programming; procedural programming; multi-paradigm programming; reflective programming; metaprogramming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 0 | 0 | https://racket-lang.org/ | 21 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Racket-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Alice | Q1335388 | 1995 |  | Carnegie Mellon University |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.alice.org/ | 10 |  |
| Limbo | Q544927 | 1995 |  | Bell Labs | concurrent computing; modular programming | strong typing | 1 | 2 | http://www.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html | 19 |  |
| Delphi | Q4037189 | 1995 | Anders Hejlsberg | Anders Hejlsberg | object-oriented programming | strong typing | 2 | 1 | https://www.embarcadero.com/cn/products/delphi | 18 |  |
| PHP | Q59 | 1995 | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perforce Zend; Rasmus Lerdorf; Andi Gutmans; PHP Group; Zeev Suraski | procedural programming; functional programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming; reflective programming | weak typing; gradual typing; dynamic typing | 7 | 5 | https://www.php.net | 166 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Webysther%2020160423%20-%20Elephpant.svg?width=320 |
| Curry | Q2368856 | 1995 |  | Kiel University | logic programming; functional programming; constraint programming | strong typing; static typing; inference typing | 2 | 0 | https://www.curry-lang.org/ | 14 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Curry%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Active Server Pages | Q344266 | 1996 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/iis/6.0-sdk/ms526064(v=vs.90) | 51 |  |
| Cascading Style Sheets | Q46441 | 1996 |  | Håkon Wium Lie; Bert Bos; CSS Working Group |  |  | 0 | 2 | https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/ | 135 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Official%20CSS%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Visual J++ | Q973097 | 1996 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 1 | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms950413.aspx | 20 |  |
| JScript | Q553514 | 1996 |  | Microsoft | object-oriented programming; prototype-based programming | duck typing; dynamic typing; weak typing | 1 | 0 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/hbxc2t98(v=vs.85) | 28 |  |
| Squeak | Q762464 | 1996 |  | Apple Inc. | object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 5 | 0 | https://squeak.org/ | 23 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Squeak.svg?width=320 |
| DRAKON | Q2671999 | 1996 |  |  | visual programming language |  | 0 | 0 | http://drakon.su | 14 |  |
| Netwide Assembler | Q1571077 | 1996 |  | Hans Peter Anvin |  |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.nasm.us | 23 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Netwide%20Assembler.svg?width=320 |
| OCaml | Q212587 | 1996 | Xavier Leroy; Damien Doligez | Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique | modular programming; imperative programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; inference typing; structural typing; static typing | 1 | 12 | https://ocaml.org/ | 42 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OCaml%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Pure Data | Q1401466 | 1996 |  | Miller Puckette | dataflow programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://puredata.info | 20 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pure%20Data%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| SuperCollider | Q2299598 | 1996 |  |  | functional programming; object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 0 | 0 | https://supercollider.github.io/ | 18 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SuperCollider%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Visual Basic Script | Q13743 | 1996 |  | Microsoft |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/t0aew7h6(v=vs.85) | 42 |  |
| Xojo | Q14378091 | 1996 |  |  | object-oriented programming |  | 0 | 0 | https://ifnotnil.com/ | 11 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Logomark%20Xojo%20Company.svg?width=320 |
| C-- | Q81348 | 1997 | Norman Ramsey; Simon Peyton Jones | Norman Ramsey; Simon Peyton Jones | imperative programming | static typing; weak typing | 1 | 0 | http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/c-- | 24 |  |
| REBOL | Q1359171 | 1997 | Carl Sassenrath |  | functional programming; imperative programming; prototype-based programming; language-oriented programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 4 | 2 | http://rebol.com | 21 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rebol%20logo.png?width=320 |
| Modelica | Q385325 | 1997 |  | Modelica Association | object-oriented programming; declarative programming |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.modelica.org/ | 17 |  |
| E | Q2658244 | 1997 | Mark S. Miller |  | object-oriented programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 2 | 0 | http://erights.org/ | 10 |  |
| ActionScript | Q234657 | 1998 | Gary Grossman | Macromedia | functional programming; imperative programming; prototype-based programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; static typing | 3 | 1 |  | 55 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Farm-Fresh%20page%20white%20actionscript.png?width=320 |
| Curl | Q1144631 | 1998 | Steve Ward; Massachusetts Institute of Technology | SCSK Corporation; Steve Ward | declarative programming; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming; reflective programming | strong typing | 4 | 0 | https://www.curl.com/ | 14 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Curl%20Logo.jpg?width=320 |
| UnrealScript | Q1191442 | 1998 |  |  | generic programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; safe typing; static typing | 0 | 0 | https://docs.unrealengine.com/udk/Three/UnrealScriptHome.html | 12 |  |
| Malbolge | Q517956 | 1998 |  |  | esoteric programming |  | 2 | 0 |  | 24 |  |
| PureBasic | Q2118858 | 1998 |  |  | structured programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://www.purebasic.com/ | 15 |  |
| XML | Q2115 | 1998 |  | World Wide Web Consortium |  |  | 0 | 2 | http://www.w3.org/XML | 101 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Extensible%20Markup%20Language%20(XML)%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| PL/pgSQL | Q2044345 | 1998 |  |  | procedural programming |  | 2 | 0 |  | 12 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Postgresql%20elephant.svg?width=320 |
| XPath | Q16340 | 1999 |  | World Wide Web Consortium |  |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/ | 36 |  |
| XSLT | Q32110 | 1999 |  | World Wide Web Consortium | declarative programming |  | 1 | 0 | http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt | 46 |  |
| Gambas | Q648124 | 1999 | Benoît Minisini | Benoît Minisini |  |  | 2 | 0 | https://gambaswiki.org/website | 38 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gambas%203%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Unlambda | Q670180 | 1999 |  | David Madore | functional programming; esoteric programming |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.madore.org/~david/programs/unlambda/ | 11 |  |
| NetLogo | Q672307 | 1999 |  |  | agent-oriented programming; procedural programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 0 | 0 | http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ | 18 |  |
| XML User Interface Language | Q726218 | 1999 |  | Mozilla Foundation |  |  | 2 | 0 | https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Tech/XUL | 28 |  |
| BeanShell | Q812964 | 1999 | Java Community Process |  | object-oriented programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 3 | 0 | http://www.beanshell.org/ | 10 |  |
| Game Maker Language | Q1807379 | 1999 |  | Mark Overmars | imperative programming | dynamic typing | 1 | 0 |  | 19 |  |
| Pawn | Q1929075 | 1999 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://www.compuphase.com/pawn/pawn.htm | 21 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pawn%20logo.png?width=320 |
| Unified Parallel C | Q2095090 | 1999 |  |  | parallel computing | manifest typing; weak typing | 0 | 0 | https://upc.lbl.gov/ | 11 |  |
| AutoIt | Q784845 | 1999 |  |  | object-oriented programming; imperative programming; procedural programming; functional programming; reflective programming |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.autoitscript.com | 32 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AutoIt-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Blitz BASIC | Q143419 | 2000 |  |  | imperative programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; weak typing | 0 | 1 | http://www.blitzbasic.com/ | 18 |  |
| Common Intermediate Language | Q263544 | 2000 |  | Microsoft | object-oriented programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/welcome | 28 |  |
| DarkBASIC | Q278791 | 2000 |  | The Game Creators |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 15 |  |
| Alice | Q1136926 | 2000 |  | Saarland University | concurrent computing; imperative programming; constraint programming; functional programming | static typing; strong typing; inference typing | 2 | 1 | https://www.ps.uni-saarland.de/alice/ | 10 |  |
| Apache Ant | Q385970 | 2000 |  | Apache Software Foundation |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://ant.apache.org/ | 32 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Apache-Ant-logo.svg?width=320 |
| D | Q319268 | 2001 | Walter Bright | D Language Foundation; Walter Bright | imperative programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming | static typing; strong typing; inference typing | 6 | 5 | https://dlang.org | 49 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/D%20Programming%20Language%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| C# | Q2370 | 2001 | Microsoft; Mads Torgersen; Anders Hejlsberg | Microsoft | multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming; generic programming; event-driven programming; structured programming; class-based programming; reflective programming; strict programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming | inference typing; nominative typing; dynamic typing; strong typing | 16 | 23 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/ | 115 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/C%20Sharp%20Logo%202023.svg?width=320 |
| Processing | Q1053535 | 2001 |  | Processing Foundation | object-oriented programming |  | 5 | 1 | https://processing.org/ | 33 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Processing%202021%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| AspectJ | Q735604 | 2001 |  | Eclipse Foundation | aspect-oriented programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://www.eclipse.org/aspectj/ | 19 |  |
| LiveCode | Q3068282 | 2001 |  | LiveCode | object-oriented programming |  | 1 | 0 | https://livecode.com/ | 11 |  |
| Visual Basic .NET | Q50077 | 2001 | Microsoft | Microsoft | object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming; strict programming; event-driven programming; structured programming; reflective programming; functional programming; class-based programming; generic programming | dynamic typing; nominative typing | 1 | 1 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/ | 57 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/VB.NET%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Cyclone | Q79598 | 2002 | AT&T Labs | AT&T |  | strong typing; safe typing; static typing | 1 | 1 | http://cyclone.thelanguage.org | 10 |  |
| J# | Q1160312 | 2002 |  | Microsoft | structured programming; imperative programming; object-oriented programming |  | 0 | 1 | http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/vjsharp/default.aspx | 24 |  |
| SystemVerilog | Q1387402 | 2002 | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |  | object-oriented programming; structured programming | static typing; weak typing | 2 | 0 |  | 12 |  |
| Io | Q756175 | 2002 |  | Steve Dekorte | object-oriented programming; prototype-based programming | strong typing; dynamic typing | 7 | 3 | https://iolanguage.org/ | 17 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Io-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Scratch | Q275131 | 2003 |  | MIT Media Lab | visual programming language; event-driven programming |  | 4 | 3 | https://scratch.mit.edu | 65 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Scratchlogo.svg?width=320 |
| Whitespace | Q378222 | 2003 |  |  | esoteric programming |  | 1 | 0 | http://compsoc.dur.ac.uk/whitespace/ | 23 |  |
| Boo | Q892948 | 2003 | Rodrigo B. De Oliveira | Rodrigo B. De Oliveira | object-oriented programming | strong typing; inference typing; static typing; duck typing | 2 | 2 | http://boo-lang.org/ | 26 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BooLogo.png?width=320 |
| Factor | Q1391724 | 2003 | Slava Pestov | Slava Pestov | concatenative programming; multi-paradigm programming; stack-oriented programming; functional programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 4 | 0 | https://factorcode.org | 14 |  |
| Apache Groovy | Q504453 | 2003 | James Strachan | Java Community Process; Apache Software Foundation | imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming; functional programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; dynamic typing; static typing; duck typing | 5 | 3 | https://groovy-lang.org | 39 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Groovy-logo.svg?width=320 |
| Business Process Execution Language | Q787631 | 2003 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 19 |  |
| FreeBASIC | Q195929 | 2004 |  |  | procedural programming; object-oriented programming | strong typing; static typing | 2 | 0 | https://www.freebasic.net/ | 30 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fblogo.gif?width=320 |
| A# | Q1049708 | 2004 |  | GNAT |  |  | 0 | 0 | http://asharp.martincarlisle.com | 13 |  |
| Scala | Q460584 | 2004 | Martin Odersky | Martin Odersky; École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne | concurrent computing; functional programming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming | inference typing; static typing; structural typing; strong typing | 12 | 9 | https://scala-lang.org | 50 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Scala-full-color.svg?width=320 |
| Asymptote | Q779317 | 2004 |  |  | imperative programming | strong typing | 1 | 0 | https://asymptote.sourceforge.io/ | 12 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/AsymptoteLogo.svg?width=320 |
| OpenGL Shading Language | Q779819 | 2004 |  | OpenGL Architecture Review Board |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.opengl.org/ | 21 |  |
| MXML | Q1196084 | 2004 |  | Adobe |  |  | 0 | 0 |  | 11 |  |
| Ren'Py | Q1196014 | 2004 |  |  |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.renpy.org/ | 22 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ren%E2%80%99Py%20Eileen%20and%20python.svg?width=320 |
| Haxe | Q285886 | 2005 |  | Nicolas Cannasse; Cauê Waneck; Simon Krajewski | object-oriented programming; functional programming; generic programming; multi-paradigm programming | static typing; inference typing; dynamic typing; nominative typing | 6 | 0 | https://haxe.org | 22 |  |
| F# | Q648619 | 2005 | Don Syme; Microsoft Research | Microsoft; F Sharp Software Foundation | reflective programming; imperative programming; metaprogramming; object-oriented programming; functional programming; concurrent computing | strong typing; inference typing; static typing | 7 | 4 | https://fsharp.org/ | 37 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/F%20Sharp%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Rust | Q575650 | 2006 | Graydon Hoare | Mozilla; Rust Foundation; Graydon Hoare | functional programming; generic programming; object-oriented programming; concurrent computing; imperative programming; procedural programming | static typing; nominative typing; linear typing; inference typing; strong typing | 13 | 12 | https://rust-lang.org/ | 63 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rust%20programming%20language%20black%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Cobra | Q608565 | 2006 |  |  | functional programming; object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming | dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing; inference typing | 1 | 0 | http://cobra-language.com/ | 12 |  |
| Sass | Q1572865 | 2006 | Hampton Lintorn-Catlin |  |  | dynamic typing | 3 | 1 | https://sass-lang.com/ | 26 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sass%20Logo%20Color.svg?width=320 |
| Vala | Q1138939 | 2006 |  | Jürg Billeter | object-oriented programming; structured programming; imperative programming | inference typing; structural typing; static typing; strong typing | 6 | 0 | https://vala.dev | 28 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vala%20Logo%20New.svg?width=320 |
| PowerShell | Q840410 | 2006 | Jeffrey Snover | Microsoft | functional programming; object-oriented programming; procedural programming; reflective programming; imperative programming | dynamic typing; inference typing; safe typing; strong typing | 13 | 0 | https://microsoft.com/powershell | 43 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ps%20black%20128.svg?width=320 |
| Agda | Q20479 | 2007 |  | Chalmers University of Technology | purely functional programming | inference typing; nominative typing; manifest typing; static typing; dependent typing; strong typing | 3 | 1 | https://wiki.portal.chalmers.se/agda/pmwiki.php | 12 |  |
| Clojure | Q51798 | 2007 |  | Richard Hickey | agent-oriented programming; logic programming; functional programming; concurrent computing | strong typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 2 | https://clojure.org/ | 41 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Clojure%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Cython | Q975594 | 2007 |  |  |  |  | 1 | 0 | https://cython.org | 21 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cython%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| LOLCODE | Q513238 | 2007 |  |  | structured programming; imperative programming; procedural programming |  | 1 | 0 | http://www.lolcode.org | 23 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LOLCode%20logo.png?width=320 |
| XQuery | Q850661 | 2007 | World Wide Web Consortium |  | modular programming; declarative programming; functional programming | dynamic typing; static typing; strong typing | 0 | 0 | http://www.w3.org/XML/Query/ | 33 |  |
| OpenJDK | Q1461054 | 2007 |  | Oracle Corporation; OpenJDK Community; Sun Microsystems |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://openjdk.org/ | 22 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OpenJDK%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Idris | Q15408477 | 2007 |  |  | total functional programming; purely functional programming; functional programming | dependent typing; static typing; linear typing; uniqueness typing | 5 | 0 | https://www.idris-lang.org | 12 |  |
| Extensible Application Markup Language | Q258778 | 2008 |  |  | declarative programming |  | 0 | 1 |  | 26 |  |
| Pharo | Q369096 | 2008 |  |  | object-oriented programming; reflective programming | dynamic typing | 1 | 0 | https://pharo.org/ | 11 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pharo%20Logo%20v3.0.svg?width=320 |
| Microsoft Small Basic | Q767018 | 2008 |  | Microsoft | structured programming | weak typing; dynamic typing | 3 | 0 | http://www.smallbasic.com/ | 21 |  |
| Arc | Q2438046 | 2008 |  | Paul Graham | functional programming; metaprogramming; procedural programming | dynamic typing | 0 | 0 | http://arclanguage.org | 10 |  |
| Nim | Q20080327 | 2008 | Andreas Rumpf |  | concurrent computing; procedural programming; functional programming; macro metaprogramming; metaprogramming; object-oriented programming; imperative programming | strong typing; inference typing; static typing; structural typing | 8 | 0 | https://nim-lang.org/ | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nim%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| SPARQL | Q54871 | 2008 |  | Eric G. Prud'hommeaux; Carlos Buil Aranda | declarative programming |  | 0 | 1 | https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/ | 39 |  |
| Go | Q37227 | 2009 | Ken Thompson; Rob Pike; Robert Griesemer | Google; Rob Pike; Robert Griesemer; Ken Thompson; The Go Authors | imperative programming; object-oriented programming; procedural programming; functional programming; structured programming; concurrent computing | strong typing; duck typing; inference typing; structural typing; static typing | 15 | 8 | https://go.dev | 69 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Go%20Logo%20Blue.svg?width=320 |
| QML | Q961543 | 2009 |  | Qt Project | declarative programming; reactive programming | dynamic typing; strong typing | 4 | 2 | https://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qmlapplications.html | 17 |  |
| CoffeeScript | Q1106819 | 2009 | Jeremy Ashkenas | Jeremy Ashkenas | prototype-based programming; functional programming; imperative programming; multi-paradigm programming; aspect-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 5 | 2 | https://coffeescript.org/ | 25 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CoffeeScript-logo.svg?width=320 |
| OpenCL | Q681360 | 2009 |  | Khronos Group | object-oriented programming; imperative programming; structured programming; generic programming | static typing; weak typing; nominative typing; manifest typing | 0 | 0 | https://www.khronos.org/opencl | 29 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OpenCL%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Julia | Q2613697 | 2009 | Viral B. Shah; Jeff Bezanson; Stefan Karpinski; Alan Edelman | Viral B. Shah; Stefan Karpinski; Jeff Bezanson; Alan Edelman | functional programming; metaprogramming; parallel computing; imperative programming; procedural programming; multiple dispatch; array programming; object-oriented programming; multi-paradigm programming | nominative typing; strong typing; dynamic typing; parametric polymorphism | 11 | 0 | https://julialang.org/ | 38 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Julia%20Programming%20Language%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Google Apps Script | Q5583799 | 2009 |  | Google |  |  | 1 | 0 | https://script.google.com/ | 17 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Google%20Apps%20Script.svg?width=320 |
| Nyquist | Q1788197 | 2009 |  | Roger B. Dannenberg |  |  | 1 | 0 | https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~music/cmp/nyquist/index.html | 10 |  |
| Alef | Q1895587 | 2010 |  |  | structured programming; concurrent computing | static typing; strong typing | 2 | 2 |  | 10 |  |
| Ceylon | Q93482 | 2011 |  | Gavin King; Red Hat | object-oriented programming; functional programming; multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming | strong typing; static typing; safe typing | 5 | 0 | https://ceylon-lang.org/ | 19 |  |
| WebGL | Q375913 | 2011 |  | Khronos Group |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://www.khronos.org/webgl/ | 31 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WebGL%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Snap! | Q1002996 | 2011 | Jens Mönig; Brian Harvey |  | event-driven programming; object-oriented programming | dynamic typing | 4 | 1 | https://snap.berkeley.edu | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Snap!.svg?width=320 |
| Dart | Q406009 | 2011 | Kasper Lund; Lars Bak | Google | multi-paradigm programming; imperative programming; reflective programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming | static typing; inference typing; strong typing | 6 | 1 | https://dart.dev | 40 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dart%20programming%20language%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Kotlin | Q3816639 | 2011 | JetBrains | JetBrains | reflective programming; object-oriented programming; generic programming; functional programming; declarative programming; imperative programming; structured programming; concurrent computing | static typing; strong typing; inference typing | 9 | 2 | https://kotlinlang.org/ | 62 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kotlin%20logo%20(2021-present).svg?width=320 |
| Elixir | Q5362035 | 2011 |  | José Valim | functional programming; concurrent computing; process-oriented programming | duck typing; dynamic typing; strong typing | 3 | 1 | https://elixir-lang.org/ | 32 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Official%20Elixir%20logo.png?width=320 |
| TypeScript | Q978185 | 2012 | Microsoft | Microsoft | imperative programming; generic programming; object-oriented programming; event-driven programming; functional programming | duck typing; gradual typing; structural typing | 4 | 2 | https://www.typescriptlang.org/ | 45 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Typescript%20logo%202020.svg?width=320 |
| Blockly | Q18202981 | 2012 |  | Beka Westberg; Rachel Fenichel; Ellen Spertus |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://developers.google.com/blockly/ | 14 |  |
| Elm | Q5366250 | 2012 | Evan Czaplicki |  | reactive programming; functional reactive programming; purely functional programming; functional programming | static typing; inference typing; strong typing | 4 | 2 | https://elm-lang.org/ | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Elm%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Lean | Q6509476 | 2013 | Leonardo de Moura | Leonardo de Moura; Microsoft Research | functional programming |  | 2 | 1 | https://lean-lang.org/ | 15 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lean%20logo2.svg?width=320 |
| Swift | Q17118377 | 2014 | Doug Gregor; Chris Lattner | Apple Inc.; Chris Lattner | functional programming; imperative programming; block-structured programming; multi-paradigm programming; declarative programming; object-oriented programming | inference typing; static typing; strong typing | 13 | 5 | https://www.swift.org/ | 58 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Swift%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Crystal | Q21921428 | 2014 |  | Manas Technology Solutions; Ary Borenzweig | multi-paradigm programming; concurrent computing; object-oriented programming | inference typing; static typing; nominative typing; duck typing | 6 | 0 | https://crystal-lang.org/ | 16 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crystal%20language%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Hack | Q15971618 | 2014 |  | Meta Platforms |  | weak typing; static typing; gradual typing; inference typing; dynamic typing | 6 | 0 | https://hacklang.org | 24 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Webysther%2020160330%20-%20Hack%20(language).svg?width=320 |
| Solidity | Q24909565 | 2014 |  |  |  | static typing | 0 | 0 | https://soliditylang.org/ | 20 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Solidity%20logo.svg?width=320 |
| Raku | Q2052676 | 2015 | Larry Wall; Damian Conway; Audrey Tang | Audrey Tang; Larry Wall | imperative programming; object-oriented programming; functional programming | dynamic typing; gradual typing | 10 | 0 | https://raku.org/ | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Camelia.svg?width=320 |
| WebAssembly | Q20155677 | 2015 | World Wide Web Consortium | Apple Inc.; World Wide Web Consortium; Microsoft; Mozilla; Google | structured programming; imperative programming; stack-oriented programming |  | 2 | 0 | https://webassembly.org/ | 32 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WebAssembly%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Zig | Q51885456 | 2015 |  | Andrew Kelley | imperative programming; concurrent computing; procedural programming; generic programming; functional programming | inference typing; strong typing; static typing; structural typing; nominative typing | 5 | 1 | https://ziglang.org/ | 28 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Zig%20logo%202020.svg?width=320 |
| Svelte | Q16863097 | 2016 |  | Paolo Ricciuti; Simon Holthausen; Alan Faubert; Rich Harris; Ben McCann; Tan Li Hau; Dominic Gannaway |  |  | 0 | 0 | https://svelte.dev/ | 22 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Svelte%20Logo.svg?width=320 |
| Q# | Q45322975 | 2017 | Microsoft Research | Microsoft; Microsoft Quantum Architectures and Computation group | imperative programming; functional programming; quantum programming | static typing; strong typing | 2 | 0 | https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/quantum-qr-intro | 14 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Q%20mini.png?width=320 |
| Carbon | Q113157814 | 2020 |  | Google |  | static typing; nominative typing; inference typing | 3 | 0 | https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/README.md | 19 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Carbon%20logo.png?width=320 |
| Mojo | Q118152673 | 2023 | Chris Lattner | Modular | generic programming; imperative programming; functional programming |  | 4 | 0 | https://www.modular.com/mojo | 14 |  |
| G-code | Q620464 |  |  |  | procedural programming; imperative programming |  | 0 | 0 |  | 28 |  |
| Argus | Q3622471 |  | Barbara Liskov | Barbara Liskov; Maurice Herlihy; Bob Scheifler |  |  | 1 | 0 |  | 11 |  |

Source: https://aidb.si/d/programming-languages — Data from Wikidata (CC0), compiled by its volunteer editors from cited sources.